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I.by [Brit bʌɪ, Am baɪ] PREP

1. by (showing agent, result):

by

par

he was bitten by a snake

il a été mordu par un serpent

the house was designed by an architect

la maison a été conçue par un architecte

a building destroyed by fire

un bâtiment détruit par le feu

we were overwhelmed by the news

nous avons été bouleversés par la nouvelle

by working extra hours, he was able to earn more money

en faisant des heures supplémentaires, il a pu gagner plus d'argent

by selling some valuables, she was able to raise some money

en vendant quelques objets de valeur, elle a pu rassembler des fonds

to begin by saying that …

commencer par dire que …

any money paid by you will be reimbursed

tout ce que vous avez payé vous sera remboursé

2. by (through the means of):

to travel by bus/train

voyager en bus/train

by bicycle

à bicyclette, en vélo

to pay by cheque

payer par chèque

you can reach me by phone

vous pouvez me contacter par téléphone

by candlelight dine

aux chandelles

by candlelight read

à la bougie

I know her by sight

je la connais de vue

I took him by the hand

je l'ai pris par la main

he grabbed me by the hair

il m'a attrapé par les cheveux

she was holding it by the handle

elle le tenait par le manche

he has two children by his first wife

il a deux enfants de sa première femme

3. by (according to, from evidence of):

by

à

by my watch it is three o'clock

à ma montre, il est trois heures

I could tell by the look on her face that she was angry

rien qu'à la regarder je savais qu'elle était fâchée

what did you understand by her remarks?

comment est-ce que tu as compris ses remarques?

I knew him by his walk

je l'ai reconnu à sa démarche

it's all right by me

ça me va

4. by (via, passing through):

by

par

we entered by the back door

nous sommes entrés par la porte de derrière

we'll get there quicker if we go by Birmingham

nous y arriverons plus rapidement si nous passons par Birmingham

we travelled to Rome by Venice and Florence

nous sommes allés à Rome en passant par Venise et Florence

5. by (near, beside):

by

à côté de, près de

by the bed/the window

à côté du lit/de la fenêtre

by the sea

au bord de la mer

come and sit by me

viens t'asseoir à côté de moi

6. by (past):

to go or pass by sb

passer devant qn

she walked by me

elle est passée devant moi

they passed us by in their car

ils nous ont dépassés dans leur voiture

please let us get by

s'il vous plaît, laissez-nous passer

7. by (showing authorship):

by

de

a film by Claude Chabrol

un film de Claude Chabrol

a novel by Virginia Woolf

un roman de Virginia Woolf

who is it by?

c'est de qui?

8. by (before, not later than):

by

avant

it must be done by four o'clock/next Thursday

il faut que ce soit fait avant quatre heures/jeudi prochain

by this time next week

d'ici la semaine prochaine

by the time she had got downstairs he was gone

le temps qu'elle descende, il était parti

he ought to be here by now

il devrait être déjà là

by now it was clear that they were going to win

à ce moment-là il était clair qu'ils allaient gagner

but by then it was too late

mais il était déjà trop tard

9. by (during):

by day as well as by night

de jour comme de nuit

by daylight

au jour

by moonlight

au clair de lune

10. by (according to):

forbidden by law

interdit par la loi

to play by the rules

jouer selon les règles

it seems primitive by western standards

cela a l'air primitif selon or d'après les critères occidentaux

11. by (to the extent or degree of):

by

de

prices have risen by 20%

les prix ont augmenté de 20%

he's taller than me by two centimetres

il fait deux centimètres de plus que moi, il est plus grand que moi de deux centimètres

by far

de loin

she is by far the cleverest/the youngest

elle est de loin la plus intelligente/la plus jeune

it's better by far

c'est beaucoup mieux

12. by (in measurements):

by

sur

a room 20 metres by 10 metres

une pièce de 20 mètres sur 10

13. by MATH (in multiplication, division):

by

par

10 multiplied by 5 is 50

10 multiplié par 5 égale 50

14. by (showing rate, quantity):

by

à

to be paid by the hour

être payé à l'heure

by the dozen

à la douzaine

15. by (in successive degrees, units):

little by little

peu à peu

day by day

jour après jour

one by one

un par un, un à un

16. by (with regard to):

by

de

he is an architect by profession or trade

il est architecte de son métier

by birth

de naissance

17. by (as a result of):

by

par

by accident/mistake

par accident/erreur

by chance

par hasard

18. by (used with reflexive pronouns):

he did it all by himself

il l'a fait tout seul

she was sitting by herself

elle était assise toute seule

19. by (in promises, oaths):

by God, I could kill him!

je le jure, je pourrais le tuer!

I swear by heaven

je jure devant Dieu

20. by NAUT (in compass directions):

by

quart

south by south-west

sud quart sud-ouest

II.by [Brit bʌɪ, Am baɪ] ADV

1. by (past):

to go by

passer

the people walking by

les gens mpl qui passent/passaient

the people walking by

les passants mpl

he walked on by without stopping

il est passé sans s'arrêter

a lot of time has gone by since then

il s'est écoulé beaucoup de temps depuis lors

as time goes by

avec le temps

2. by (near):

by

près

he lives close by

il habite tout près

3. by (aside, in reserve):

to put money by

mettre de l'argent de côté

4. by (to one's house):

come by for a drink

passe prendre un verre

she called by during the week

elle est passée dans la semaine

III.by [Brit bʌɪ, Am baɪ]

by and by

bientôt

by the by , by the bye

à propos

but that's by the by

mais ça c'est un détail, mais ça c'est autre chose

drive-by shooting, drive-by N Am

drive-by shooting

attaque f criminelle (exécutée d'une voiture en marche)

I.swear by VB [Brit swɛː -, Am swɛr -] inf (swear by [sth/sb])

swear by remedy, electrician:

swear by

ne jurer que par

by-law [Brit ˈbʌɪlɔː, Am ˈbaɪlɔ] N

1. by-law (of local authority):

by-law

arrêté m municipal

2. by-law COMM:

by-law

règlement m intérieur

by-election [Brit ˈbʌɪəˌlɛkʃ(ə)n, Am ˈbaɪəˌlɛkʃən] N Brit

by-election

élection f partielle

by-product N

by-product

dérivé m

by-product fig

effet m secondaire

I.come by VB [Brit kʌm -, Am kəm -] (come by)

come by person:

come by

passer

you must come by and see us

passez donc nous voir

II.come by VB [Brit kʌm -, Am kəm -] (come by [sth])

come by book, job, money:

come by

trouver

drop by VB [Brit drɒp -, Am drɑp -]

drop by

passer

if there's anything you need just drop by

si vous avez besoin de quoi que ce soit, passez me/nous voir

I dropped by to see her today

je suis passé la voir aujourd'hui

call by VB [Brit kɔːl -, Am kɔl -]

call by

passer

I.put by VB [Brit pʊt -, Am pʊt -] Brit (put [sth] by, put by [sth])

put by money:

put by

mettre [qc] de côté

to have a bit (of money) put by

avoir un peu d'argent de côté

by u rečniku PONS

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I.by [baɪ] PREP

1. by (near):

to stand/lie/be by sth/sb

être près [ou à côté] de qc/qn

close [or near] by sb/sth

tout près de qn/qc

by the sea

au bord de la mer

2. by (during):

by day/night

le [ou de] jour/la [ou de] nuit

by moonlight

au clair de lune

by the way

en cours de route

3. by (at latest time):

by tomorrow/midnight

d'ici demain

by midnight

avant minuit

by now

à l'heure qu'il est

by then

à ce moment-là

by the time sb saw him ...

le temps [ou avant] que qn le voie (subj) ...

4. by (showing agent, cause):

a novel by Joyce

un roman de Joyce

killed by sth/sb

tué par qc/qn

surrounded by dogs

entouré de chiens

made by hand

fait (à la) main

5. by (using):

by rail/plane/tram

en train/par avion/avec le tram

by means of sth

au moyen de qc

by doing sth

en faisant qc

to hold sb by the arm

tenir qn par le bras

to go in by the door

entrer par la porte

to call sb/sth by name

appeler qn/qc par son nom

6. by (through):

by chance/mistake

par hasard/erreur

what does he mean by that?

que veut-il dire par là?

7. by (past):

to go by Paris

y aller en passant par Paris

to walk by the post-office

passer devant la poste

to run by sb

passer à côté de qn en courant

8. by (alone):

to do sth/to be by oneself

faire qc/être tout seul

9. by (in measurement):

paid by the hour

payé à l'heure

by the day

par jour

to buy by the kilo/dozen

acheter au kilo/à la douzaine

to multiply/divide by 4

multiplier/diviser par 4

to increase by 10%

augmenter de 10%

4 metres by 6

de 4 à 6 mètres

10. by (from perspective of):

to judge by appearances

juger d'après les apparences

it's all right by me inf

moi, je suis d'accord

II.by [baɪ] ADV

1. by (in reserve):

to put/lay sth by

mettre qc de côté

2. by (gradually):

by and by

peu à peu

3. by (past):

to go/pass by

passer

Phrases:

by and large

d'une façon générale

go by VB intr

1. go by (pass by):

go by

passer

to go by sb

passer chez qn

to let sth go by

laisser passer qc

2. go by (be guided by):

to go by sth

être conduit par qc

3. go by (be known by):

to go by the name of sb

être inscrit sous le nom de qn

by-product [ˈbaɪprɒdʌkt, Am -prɑ:dəkt] N

by-product

sous-produit m

by-product fig

effet m secondaire

slip by VB intr

slip by

filer

slip by time

passer

by-road [ˈbəɪrəʊd, Am -roʊd] N

by-road

route f secondaire

roll by VB intr

roll by vehicle

passer

roll by time

s'écouler

passer-by <passers-by> N

passer-by

passant(e) m (f)

hard by PREP form

hard by

tout à côté de

I.come by VB trans insep

1. come by → come across

2. come by (obtain by chance):

come by

trouver

II.come by VB intr

come by

passer

vidi i come across

I.come across VB trans

come across photos

tomber sur

come across problem, obstacle

rencontrer

II.come across VB intr

come across

faire une impression

to come across well/badly

bien/mal passer

to come across as sth

donner l'impression d'être qc

lay by VB trans

lay by

mettre de côté

by Primeri iz rečnika PONS (ručno uređeno)

by and by

peu à peu

to measure six metres by two metres

mesurer six mètres sur deux

to be struck down by a disease

être terrassé par une maladie

to do sth by sheer force of habit

faire qc par pure habitude

do as you would be done by Brit prov

ne faites pas à autrui ce que vous ne voudriez pas qu'on vous fît

by hook or by crook

par tous les moyens

to sell/buy by weight/by the dozen

vendre/acheter au poids/à la douzaine

we didn't see the time go by

on ne voyait pas le temps passer

(whether) by choice or by force

de gré ou de force

to be punishable by a fine/penalty

être passible d'une amende/peine délit

by iz rečnika « Intégration et égalité des chances » Nemačko-francuske kancelarije za mlade

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Pojedinačni prevodilački parovi

regard des autres

perception by others

majoritaire

by the majority

enquête sociale

social survey performed by a social worker

carte scolaire

allocation of schools by catchment area

by Rečnik rashladne tehnologije, ljubaznošću GEA Bock GmbH

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